Legal homework 3B Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Legal homework 3B - Essay Example Two is the principle of beneficence. This principle aims to engage in numerous beneficial activities as possible. Beneficence holds that health experts should attempt to benefit the sick. Therefore, in this case, it is presumed that the duty of the nurse is prevent any situation which may pose a threat to Judy, for example, not leaving the bathroom door open. Third is the principle of non-maleficence which entails preventing or minimizing harm (Armstrong, 2007). The hospital takes the precaution of checking on Judy after every fifteen minutes. This is aimed at preventing or minimizing harm to Judy. The nurse was not negligent for unlocking the bathroom door and allowing Judy to shower by herself. This is because she established in her expert view it was fitting to unlock the bathroom door so that Judy could take a shower. In a 1996 case involving Busta and the Columbus Hospital Corporation, The Montana Supreme Court upheld the decision and order given by the District Court of the Eig hth Judicial District. The court jury established that the negligence of the Columbus Hospital and that of the patient led to the injuries and consequent death of the patient. In this case the nurse was deemed not negligent in the events leading to the death of the patient. ... It was not below the standard of care that the nurse left the bathroom door unlocked when the psychiatrist came to see Judy. The nurse did not see the psychiatrist vacating Judy’s room. In addition, the psychiatrist did not inform the nurse when leaving the room and had left Judy alone. Therefore, there is no way the nurse could go to check on the patient. Also, the nurse observed the standard of care by checking on the patient after fifteen minutes (Armstrong, 2007). There is a greater duty to this patient from an ethical point of view. This is because nurses have a responsibility of making sure that patients capable of suicidal actions are properly dealt with. In addition, nurses have the duty of effectively monitoring and assessing patients and conveying these examinations to all individuals involved in the health care delivery team. Nurses also have a duty of telling the truth (Armstrong, 2007). Patients in danger deserve frankness as to their exposure and manner of interv ention. Health experts with significant opinions regarding suicide should refer the patient elsewhere or reveal them. There are several ethical principles which should be taken into account when caring for such a patient. One is the danger to self. Danger to self may incorporate failure to attend to basic requirements, for example, showering, or suicidal attempts or ideation. In numerous fields, information of intention to engage in suicidal activities needs a health care practitioner to act instantly to stop the suicide. Two is consent and involuntary treatment. The health expert should make a decision on whether to hold the patient against his desire (Armstrong, 2007). Holding a patient against his desire may be indispensable

Vacation Industry Case Study Of Cyprus Tourism Essay

Vacation Industry Case Study Of Cyprus Tourism Essay Cyprus is an island in the Mediterranean Sea in the south of Turkey. Cyprus has a warm and dry with little rainfall climate which is a typical Mediterranean climate and this climate makes Cyprus very popular as tourist destination. The official languages of Cyprus are Turkish and Greek, while English is widely spoken by both sides. You can get to Cyprus by boat or plane. Charter flights are frequent scheduled from England and other European countries to Cyprus. Cyprus provides a wide range of accommodation in all areas of the island. Its accommodation covers all types of guests and all budgets ranging from luxury hotels, holiday villages, apartments to rent and camping. If somebody wants to explore the island, a car hire is needed. Cyprus has many things to offer to tourists, while Cyprus is known for its sandy beaches with the amazing water sports, rugged mountains, impressive ancient structures, churches and museums which make it a perfect holiday destination. There are also various recreation and sports activities available such as diving, golfing and carting. In Cyprus you can experience in bird watching, turtle watching and hiking and for those people who love the lucky games there are many casinos in the island. The travel adventurers can discover all over the island attractive beaches, ancient ruins, mountain peaks and vineyards that has olive trees all over. In Paphos you can go to Roman Mosaics, the Tombs of the Kings, the Byzantine Museum and Kato Paphos Archeological Park. Nicosia has the Cyprus Museum, Limassol boasts of its Lambouri Winery, Kolossi Castle and its Limassol Castle and Galatex. Avios Ioannis has the Turkish Ethnographic Museum, among others. Larnaka is a harbor with huge palm trees, cafes and taverns and also houses the international airport of Cyprus. In Larnaka you can visit Byzantine Museum, agios Lazaros Church, the District Archeological museum, the Pierides Museum etc. During the Kataklysmos feast which is celebrated all over Cyprus everyone can gather the shores of Larnaka, dancing, singing, driknking, eating and enjoying water sports. Lemesos is famous for the industrial center and port and wine industry. During September the wine lovers can enjoy the wine festival where the food and wine is served free. Witness the grand Lenten carnival when bands, decorated floats and dancing mark the celebration of this carnival. Tourists can enjoy the beaches, sea foods, visiting the museums and relax in the gardens. Paphos was the capital of the island in Roman times. Paphos has become a popular seaside resort with a large population. The Ktima section of the city is the main residential area, while Kato Paphos is the playground of holidaymakers, built around the medieval port with its numerous luxury hotels, taverns and entertainment venue. You can visit the Acropolis with its complex ancient buildings, including a Roman Odeon which is used for summer orchestral and stage performances as well as the Tombs of the Kings which is located 2km northwest of Paphos harbour towards the Coral Bay. Paphos is also known for its Mosaics floors in a series of ancient Roman noblemenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s villas and every visitor must see it. An excursion to the baths of Aphrodite is something that all the visitors should see because it is a visit to the natural grotto on the Akamas Peninsula where legend has it that the Greek goddess of love, Aphrodite, used to take her baths. Anyone cannot describe the beauty of Cyprus with words because every corner of this place is worth seeing. Assess the impact (positive and negative) of your visit on the environment. The quality of the environment, natural and man-made is essential to tourism. Many of the environmental impacts are connected with the structure of the general infrastructure such as roads and airports, and of tourism facilities such as resorts, hotels, shops, restaurants, golf courses and marinas. These negative impacts of tourism can cause damage to the environmental resources on which it depends. Alternatively, tourism has the potential to create positive effects on the environment by helping to environmental protection and maintenance and this is a method to raise awareness of environmental principles and it can serve as tool to finance protection of natural areas and increase their economic importance. When the level of visitor use is greater than the environmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ability to manage with this use negative impacts arise from tourism. When conventional tourism is uncontrolled poses possible threats to many natural areas. It can lead to impacts such as: soil erosion, natural habitat loss, increased pollution, discharges into the sea, heightened vulnerability to forest fires and increased pressure on endangered species. It frequently puts a strain on water resources, and it can force local populations to compete for the use of critical resources. The negative impacts of my visit in Cyprus are: The depletion of natural resources: this means that the tourism development can put pressure on natural resources when the consumption in areas is increased and the resources are already scarce. For example, with my visit on the island I cause problem because of my depletion of water resources such as my needs of water for washing and bath, my use of the swimming pool and other uses. The consequences are the water shortages and degradation of water supplies, as well as generating a bigger volume of waste water. Cyprus is an island in the Mediterranean Sea and is well known that in such dry regions, the water scarcity is greater because of the hot climate and the tourists tend to consume more water in their holidays than do at home. Another negative impact of my visit was the use of local resources such as energy, food, and other raw materials that previously was in short supply. Usually in high season the exploitation of these resources is greater than other periods because of the bi g number of visitors. The destination managers try to cover this high demand of local resources in order to meet the high expectations that tourists usually have for proper heating or cooling, hot water etc. Pollution: tourism can cause the same forms of pollution as any other industry, such forms are: solid waste and littering, air emissions, releases of sewage, noise, oil and chemicals, even architectural and visual pollution. My impact in the air pollution was my transportation by air and the excursions with the car. The air pollution that caused from the transportation of tourists has negative impact on the global level, especially from CO2 emissions related to the use of energy for the transportation which contributes to severe local air pollution. Noise pollution caused by cars, buses, airplanes, jet skis etc. Additionally to causing annoyance and stress to humans, it causes distress to wildlife and can cause animals to alter their natural activity. Another negative impact in which and me as tourist contribute to its increase is the Solid Waste. The tourism industry produces enormous quantities of waste products. Airlines, hotels, attractions and other businesses that serve tourist s throw away tons of garbage a year. Some other physical impacts that caused from tourist activities (including myself as a tourist) are: trampling, in cases that tourists using the same trail over and over again trample the vegetation and soil, finally causing damage that lead to loss of biodiversity. Anchoring and other marine activities, in marine areas many tourist activities occur around fragile systems. Anchoring, scuba diving, yachting and cruising are some of the activities that can cause degradation of marine ecosystems such as coral reefs. Change of ecosystems by tourist activities, habitat can be degraded by tourism leisure activities. For example, tourists by watching the wildlife can cause stress for the animals and alter their natural behavior when tourists come too close. The positive impacts of my visit in Cyprus are: Financial contributions such as: -Direct financial contribution is the revenue from park-entrance fees and similar sources which are allocated specifically to pay for the protection and management of environmentally sensitive areas. -Contributions to government revenues are the money that I paid to rent recreation equipment. This money can provide governments with the funds needed to manage natural resources. Describe two actions that individuals could take in the future to maintain the sustainability of this environment. The anxiety for our environment no longer remains in the realm of sustainability projects. It is a real-time that individuals, locals and tourists should start concern about all this thing that destroy our environment: changing seasons, expanding deserts, global warming, depleting forests and ice at the poles and increasing sea levels, climatic aberration, melting glaciers, suffocating pollution and food shortage are clear manifestations of an environment that is leaded into a global catastrophe. Small changes can bring a positive impact, and we may still be able to leave a cleaner, habitable planet for our children. Here are two actions that individuals, locals and tourist can take in the future in order to maintain the sustainability of the environment: Use less electricity: Lots of fossil fuels are burned to generate electricity. This is like a chain: the more we use, the more we burn, the more we pollute the environment. A simple act is to switch off the lights and electrical appliances when are not needed and by doing this we can save huge amounts of energy. Many people can construct their houses, hotels etc. in a way that even more daylight can be used instead of using light bulbs. Use public transport or bicycles: We are all well informed about the fuel crisis which is caused by an ever-increasing number of gas-guzzling automobiles being acquired by millions of people. To make matters worse even food crops are being used to produce biofuels so that people can drive their cars. A good solution is that any individual, local and tourist can use more often the public transport because ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s healthier and environment friendly. First, you will have to walk a distance to use the public transport and second fewer vehicles will be on the road. In fact this will also reduce the frequency of traffic jams. Describe two actions that destination managers could take in the future to maintain the sustainability of this environment. The development of tourism is well-matched with environmental protection through proper planning and controlled development and tourist management. Destination managers need to develop appropriate protection policies and strategies to efficiently manage tourism. Tourism managers must think the needs of an area and its residents, and determine the physical and social carrying capacities of a destination. Two actions that destination managers could take in order to maintain the sustainability of the environment are: Legislation and regulation: government by establishing rules and regulations such as fees, laws etc. can help control negative impacts. It is possible to regulate development and mandate environmentally pleasing building design. Government can also control pollution problems and cleanliness of public areas. Laws can be obtained that control certain types of tourist actions, such as over-collecting. In some cases, establishing protected areas may reduce the negative natural resource impacts of tourism. Alternative tourism can be developed to meet the needs of certain groups of people, allowing them to experience the natural and cultural wealth of regions. It is also positive for economic development in countryside areas, or in environmentally fragile areas that cannot support major change. Alternative tourism is basically the antithesis of mass tourism. Alternative tourism results in fewer severe impacts while still providing positive economic effects. Numerous types of tourism are considered alternative: biotourism, nature or environmental tourism, farm and ranch tourism, scientific tourism, special interest tourism, village tourism etc. One new trend in environmentally alternative tourism development has emerged: ecotourism and it is concerned with gaining the economic advantages of tourism development and minimal environmental impact.

Macbeth: ACT I :: essays research papers

These scenes establish the play’s dramatic premise—the witches’ awakening of Macbeth’s ambition—and present the main characters and their relationships. At the same time, the first three scenes establish a dark mood that permeates the entire play. The stage directions indicate that the play begins with a storm, and malignant supernatural forces immediately appear in the form of the three witches. From there, the action quickly shifts to a battlefield that is dominated by a sense of the grisliness and cruelty of war. In his description of Macbeth and Banquo’s heroics, the captain dwells specifically on images of carnage: â€Å"he unseamed him from the nave to th’ chops,† he says, describing Macbeth’s slaying of Macdonald (I.ii.22). The bloody murders that fill the play are foreshadowed by the bloody victory that the Scots win over their enemies. Our initial impression of Macbeth, based on the captain’s report of his valor and prowess in battle, is immediately complicated by Macbeth’s obvious fixation upon the witches’ prophecy. Macbeth is a noble and courageous warrior but his reaction to the witches’ pronouncements emphasizes his great desire for power and prestige. Macbethimmediately realizes that the fulfillment of the prophecy may require conspiracy and murder on his part. He clearly allows himself to consider taking such actions, although he is by no means resolved to do so. His reaction to the prophecy displays a fundamental confusion and inactivity: instead of resolving to act on the witches’ claims, or simply dismissing them, Macbeth talks himself into a kind of thoughtful stupor as he tries to work out the situation for himself. In the following scene, Lady Macbeth will emerge and drive the hesitant Macbeth to act; she is the will propelling his achievements. Once Lady Macbeth hear s of the witches’ prophecy, Duncan’s life is doomed. Macbeth contains some of Shakespeare’s most vivid female characters. Lady Macbeth and the three witches are extremely wicked, but they are also stronger and more imposing than the men around them. The sinister witches cast the mood for the entire play. Their rhyming incantations stand out eerily amid the blank verse spoken by the other characters, and their grotesque figures of speech establish a lingering aura. Whenever they appear, the stage directions deliberately link them to unease and lurking chaos in the natural world by insisting on â€Å"Thunder† or â€Å"Thunder and lightning.† Shakespeare has the witches speak in language of contradiction.

Ancient Rome vs Ancient Greece

In Rome, there are three social classes, arranged according to wealth; Patricians, Plebeians, and Slaves. Patricians are the upper class citizens; they are very wealthy and highly educated. They make up the majority of the senate and therefore control the laws. Plebeians are the poor, lower-class citizens. They greatly outnumber the Patricians, make up most of the army, and pay most of the taxes. They are not allowed to marry Patricians or take part In government. Slaves are at the bottom of the Roman social order; they make up over 25% of Romeos population, and are essential to Its survival.Wealthy citizens often own many slaves, which they use to complete various tasks around the home. They consisted of prisoners of war, Plebeians whom were In debt, or children born of slaves. Slaves often work on farms, In mills, at shops, doing city construction, or are servants. Roman writer, Seneca, believes that masters should treat their slaves well, as a well-treated slave will work better f or a good master rather than Just doing enough begrudgingly for someone who mistreats their slaves.Slaves can receive freedom from their masters if they mom up with enough money, or are released upon the master's death. Women are not considered equal to men. Their primary duty is to care for their family. The amount of work that they do is correlated to the amount of wealth they have, with rich women usually having servants to do most of their work. Women from lower class families have to do daily chores on their own, or assisted by daughters. This usually includes washing dishes, sweeping floors, and cooking. Rome is home to some of the finest pieces of art in the world.This includes architecture, paintings, sculptures, and mosaics. The sculpture is the most important piece of artwork, with thousands of sculptures located all over Rome. If you're looking for entertainment, Roman citizens often gather in The Coliseum to see fights between gladiators, slaves, prisoners, and wild anim als. These fights are very violent, and therefore enjoyable. They only end when the loser is dead. Chariot racing at The Hippodrome is also very popular in Rome. The Coliseum, The Pantheon, and Circus Maximum, are mongo some of Romeos grandest buildings.Greece: The Greek social structure is broken Into three groups; citizens, emetics, and slaves. A citizen Is born of Athenian parents, and they are the most powerful group In Greece. After compulsory service In the army, they often became government officials, and took part in Jury service. A emetic Is of foreign birth and has migrated to Athens to trade or practice craft. They must pay taxes and are sometimes required to serve In the army, despite this, they can never achieve the full rights of a excellent. ThisIncludes the ability to own houses, and the ability to speak In court. Slaves were servants and laborers without any legal rights. Slaves can be prisoners of war, or bought from slave traders. These social statuses only apply to men, as women adopt their social status from their husband. Women In Greece are not permitted to take part in public life, making it a prime destination for the whole family! Greece is the sculpture is our preferred form of artistic expression, as it shows an expression of individuality, and the beauty of the human body.Aphids, Polytheists, and Myron are three of our most prized sculptures. One of the most distinguishable art feature of Greece, are our columns. They are crafted in three different styles; Doric is the simplest of these three styles. Ionic is thinner and more elegant with a scroll-like design. Corinthian is the rarest but most elaborate column, with many complex designs; it is often decorated with acanthus leaves. In Greece, there is no shortage of entertainment. We have invented the theatre, a place in which audiences come from all around to watch comedies or tragic plays.Greece is also home to the Olympic Games, the world's premier sport event. Held in honor of Z eus, athletes from around Greece compete in various events in front of thousands of spectators. There are also many marvelous building in Greece, such as The Parthenon, a temple overlooking Athens. The Erection is a temple north of the Acropolis, dedicated to Athena and Poseidon. The Temple of Olympian Zeus is a temple in the center of Athens, with enormous columns. Greece is the premier destination of the World, so why not come by?

Biology: Book and Lab Coat Essay

Guidelines for Biology Experiments 1. 0 Attendance 1. 1 Attendance to practical sessions is COMPULSORY. 1. 2 If you cannot come to the class due to ill health or emergency excuses, please inform the lecturer EARLIER, so that another practical session can be arranged for you ON THE SAME WEEK. 2. 0 Lab coat 2. 1 Wearing lab coat is COMPULSORY. 2. 2 Put on the lab coat throughout the class. 3. 0 Jotter 3. 1 Jotters should contain the summary on the PROCEDURES you are going to perform during the experiment. 3. 2 It can be in the form of short notes, flow charts, mind maps, diagrams or any other forms of summary. 3. 3 Jotter should also include observation whenever necessary. 3. 4 Complete jotters must be submitted in groups prior to the experiment. The lecturer will check, mark and return them before the class ends. 4. 0 Recording observations/results 4. 1 All observation should be done on blank A4 paper 4. 2 Drawings (a) Use blank A4 paper (b) Limit to only TWO diagrams on each page. (c) Each diagram should be enclosed by a border. (d) As for scientific drawings, e. g. diagrams of cells, tissues or organelles, there shouldn’t be any discontinuous lines, overlapped lines and shades. (e) For each diagram, it must have : a. Title of the diagram, if specimen’s name write down the common name and/or scientific name b. Magnification power (if using compound or dissecting microscope) c. Labels (minimum 3 labels) 1 4. 3 Numerical data (a) Record numerical data in the particular tables. 4. 4 Graphs (a) Use the graph paper to plot any graphs. (b) For each graph, it must have : a. Title of the graph b. Title of Y- axis and X-axis c. Label (if necessary) 5. 0 Report 5. 1 Front cover (a) The standard front cover will be given to students by the respective lecturer. (b) Make sure that all particulars on the cover are completed before submitting the report. 5. 2 Format and evaluation (a) The particulars should be in the following order: – Title (as in manual book) – Objective (as in manual book) – Observation/Result (draw in blank A4 paper following the format given) – Discussion/Exercises/Questions – Conclusion (at least 2 conclusions) – References (at least 3 references following the format given) (b) The marks will be awarded (only if the experiment is conducted, i. e. the student is present during the particular experiment) in the following areas: Criteria Manipulative skill Observation/Result Discussion/Exercise/Questions Conclusion Reference Marks 25% 40% 20% 10% 5%. 5. 3 Submission of report (a) Reports of an experiment should be submitted at least THREE (3) DAYS after the experiment is completed. (b) Marks for reports submitted after the date line will be deducted. 2 HOW TO WRITE A REFERENCE FORMAT : 1. Authors: Authors are listed in the same order as specified in the source, using surnames and initials. Commas separate all authors. When there are eight or more authors, list the first six authors followed by three ellipses (†¦ ) and then the final author. If no author is identified, the title of the document begins the reference. 2. Year of Publication: In parentheses following authors, with a period following the closing parenthesis. If no publication date is identified, use â€Å"n. d. † in parentheses following the authors. 3. Source Reference: Includes title, journal, volume, pages (for journal article) or title, city of publication, publisher (for book). Italicize titles of books, titles of periodicals, and periodical volume numbers. REFERENCE BOOK Format : Author. (Year of Publication). Book Title (periodical). (Page referred). Place. Publisher Eg : Campbell, N. A. & Reece, J. B. (2007). Biology (8th ed. ). (pp. 80-94) Pearson, The Benjamin Cummings Publishing Company, Inc. JOURNAL Format : Author. (Year of Publication). Title of journal. Name of journal. (volume) :page referred. Eg : Keller, Margaret A. & E. Richard Stiehm (2000). Passive Immunity in Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 13 (4): 602–614. INTERNET Format : Author. (Year of Publication). Website title. Website address. Eg : Wikipedia. (2012). Eukaryote. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Eukaryote 3.

buy custom Infertility, its Causes and the Available Treatment essay

buy custom Infertility, its Causes and the Available Treatment essay Abstract Since earlier times, human race has wholly been concerned with multiplication and increase in number, this trend has been on the rise from the time the world was having only a single couple until now when the world census is clicking in tunes of six billion plus. Thus, inclusive in everyones mission, is the quest to have an offspring who would carry the mantle of the family lineage, wealth, name, family traditions, and cultural values. Nevertheless, behind this quest and ambitions, lies the psychological torture on couples who find themselves unable to produce their own offspring. This condition termed infertility has been on the rise amidst the overcrowded world population. The term infertility can be described to mean the incapability of a couple or an individual to conceive a kid or to bear pregnancy to full period. It can either be primary infertility or secondary infertility. Primary infertility is a condition that results when couples fails to conceive a child despite having co ntinued unprotected intercourse for a period exceeding one year. Secondary infertility on the other hand, is that condition that results when couples who have conceived once, fail to conceive any more. This study, in line with psychological health, seeks to explore infertility, its major causes, its effects on couples, and the available treatment (Lamanna, Riedmann, Riedmann, 2006, p. 287) The cause of infertility varies in males and females. According to the American Medical Association (2004), infertility in females occurs when several physiological functions of the body are not in place. This condition occurs when the fertilized eggs fail to align on the womb and the ovaries or egg producing organs have problems in creating eggs. If these conditions combine or occur singly in females. In females, infertility is caused by several factors, which can be singly or combined. The factors that cause infertility in females include excessive consumption of alcohol, development of tumor or cancerous growth in the body which hampers ovum development, birth defects that affect the reproductive tract, diabetes complications, excess or lack of hormones in ones body, excessive exercise, poor nutrition, old age, obesity, use of certain medications like chemotherapy drugs, blood clotting disorders, having growths in the body such as fibroids or polyps in the uterus and cervix, pelvic infection or pelvic inflammatory disease, thyroid disease, autoimmune disorders such as antiphospholipid syndrome, ovarian cysts and polycystic ovary syndrome and infection from sexually transmitted diseases or endometriosis. This signs presents severe crises in a woman who can eventually be faced with tremendous emotional, physical, and financial challenges Infertility in males is also caused by variety of factors either singly or combined. Infertility in males results when there is a considerable decrease in sperm count, a physical disorder such that sperms are being blocked from being released, and when the released sperms do not work properly. If two or all of these conditions manifest in a man, he will be considered as infertile and consequently unable to bear a child. In evaluating the causes of infertility in males, there are several factors that can combine or occur singly to bring about infertility. These factors include, too much smoking, body defects arising from birth, exposure to too much heat for a prolonged period of time, when the victims body has too much or too little hormones, if the victims is an addict of alcohol, marijuana or cocaine, if the victim is impotent, if the victim is getting old, if the victim has once been a consumer of certain drugs such as cimetidine, nitrofurantoin and spironolactone, if the person is suffering from a condition called retrograde ejaculation, if the person has once undergone cancer treatment that includes chemotherapy and radiation, if the victim person has once been a victim of sexually transmitted diseases, and if the victim is exposed to environmental pollutants such as DDT. Once again, all this factors also present severe psychological, financial, and physical challenges to a man (Jequier, 2000, p. 38). Psychological Causes and Consequences of Infertility Apart from the above infertility causative agents, psychological factors also play a greater role. There are some proposed mechanisms through which depression could affect infertility. This mechanism involves the physiological characteristics such as elevated prolactin levels, thyroid dysfunctions and in case; the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis is disturbed. In most cases, especially in women, the causes of depression are associated with abnormal regulation of hormones that regulates ovulation. These hormones are called luteinizing hormones. Stress is also known to cause changes in immune functions of the body; which in turn affects the reproduction function of the body leading to infertility (Covington Burns, 2006, p.7). The psychological effects have been reported to be one of the contributing factors of infertility among couples. Stress arising from the non-fulfillment of a desire for a baby has been allied with emotional factors such as anger, hopelessness, anxiety, marital problems, and feeling of irrelevance. Couples may perhaps turn out to be more concerned to conceive as luck would have it, escalating sexual dysfunction consequently leading to public seclusion. When couples are under pressure to make medical decision towards infertility, marital discord is bound to develop has been reported to breed sense of loss, stigma, and diminished self esteem, on every occasion the subject of fertility is raised. The response of male and females in regard to infertility differs considerably as study shows that women parades more intensity of sorrow compared to their male counter parts. The women often have clinical depression rates akin to those suffering from cancer or heart disease. Emotional tension and marital troubles are normally high in cases where the infertility is caused by the man. Hence, psychological infertility has devastatig impacts both to the victim and the victims partner. Infertility, which can cause confusion and segregation on the affected couples, has devastating complications. Majority often go through a series of intense feelings, as soon as they are detected to be having signs of infertility. Often, an individual will develop immense sadness on realizing his or her incapability. In most cases, the affected partner will in turn have the feeling of betrayal mixed with anger. Both the couple and other individuals will be grieved by the imaginations of foregone experiences and fantasies of having a child. The couples in particular will experience drastic change in their relationship. This often results from withdrawal from intimacy or the feeli ng of betrayal by fate. The feelings of guilt and self blame arises often arise in a case whereby one partner is identified as being the cause of infertility. Also, the partner who has been considered infertile will develop unknown phobia as he/she will feel that their relationship is threatened as the fertile partner is likely to leave any time when patience runs out (Covington Burns, 2006, p. 7). In addition, Infertility poses other effects on the victims social life and behaviors. The couples and individual found to be to victims of infertility normally isolate from friends, family members, and even colleagues. Often, the victims fear attending social events and functions since in such occasions, discussions concerning marriage life and fertility are likely to crop up. Also, during social functions, couples or individuals often gather with their children and hence, this is likely to psychologically affect the infertile victims. In such cases, socializing with friends who have families becomes very difficult and thus breeds psychological stress. These psychological stresses are influenced mainly by three factors in both men and women. First, there is a widespread notion that having children is a major achievement in life. Most women believe that a successful marriage is attributable to having children. This notion is the most important one in women as it highlights what succe ssful marriage is. With regards to this, often, women show strong desire to have babies than men. Secondly, female roles are prioritized by child bearing. This is the most important factor in males but of second to females. Always, there is that pressure from the peers that a mans wife has to bear a child in order to complete the marriage institution. Thirdly, couples sexual life can pose psychological effects. This has equal magnitude to both partners since sex is conceived in the mind and if the mind has been has the knowledge on the futility of such intercourse, then the mind will not rise to the occasion. The diagnosis of infertility may also have a noticeable consequence on relationship with others, particularly the partner. Anger may be aimed at a partner who is observed as the cause of the infertility or who does not appear to be appreciative, helpful, or committed to the same objective. Feelings of insufficiency can results to thoughts of leaving the fertile partner to bear a child with someone else. On the other hand, the infertile partner may fear neglect. The infertile individual may also be psychologically affected by suffering from low self-esteem and a feeling of failure, which not only remains restricted to the reproductive subject but lengthens to having feelings of general problem, lack of appeal, lack of femininity or masculinity, and an inability to be a suitable parent or partner (Alexander, Larosa, Bader, Alexander, Garfield, 2009, p.163). Infertility is like a battle and must not be fought alone; combined efforts of counseling and treatment can produce fruits. There is no specific procedures that has to be followed in the treatment of infertility since the causes of infertility varies considerably. Also, any attempt to treat an infertile person has to take into consideration the level of infertility such as secondary or primary, the sex of the victim, and the magnitude or the extent to which infertility has reached. In addition, the couples condition is examined to establish whether their state is either temporary or permanent. Permanent infertility occurs where there is a complete absence of egg producing organs in females and the complete absence of sperm producing organs in males (ODonohue, 2005, p. 224). The Psychological Treatment From the above described causes, the primary focus of infertility treatment is medical but it is importance to deal with the implications that infertility has couples mental health, and social life. In the light of these, the acknowledgement that infertility and its treatment are linked with psychological distress has resulted to the introduction of a small number of theoretically conducted psychotherapeutic interventions aimed at infertile couples experiencing assisted reproduction. Besides, marriage and family therapy is most beneficial when one is contemplating on how to undertake new treatment after the first one has failed, in a case where one needs extended family support and assistance, when one if faced with difficult medical decisions, when one is considering a third party assistance such as egg or sperm donation or surrogacy, and also when one is investigating other options of family building such as adoption. Marriage and family therapy are very helpful in cases where indi viduals or couples experience some or all of the factors including social isolation, suicidal thoughts, difficulty in concentrations and memory lapse, increased disagreements and discord in a relationship, strained interpersonal relationships with friends and family, and continual feeling of sadness, guilt, rejection, anger, and anxiety (Glick, Berman, Clarkin, 2000, p. 448). The marriage and family therapist can aid an infertile victim in many ways. Glick, Berman, Clarkin (2000) assert that, though it is impossible for a marriage therapist to offer an effective medical treatment to help a woman become pregnant, he or she can help a victim wade through the process and be able to communicate well as well as gain family support. Through the help of a therapist, the victim can get to learn better and acquire effficient ways of handling the issue in a confident manner. Through the directions of a marriage therapist, the affected couples can get to agree on the probable channel to use in solving their crisis. Due to the high rate of infertility in the previous decade, researchers have proposed that infertility treatment programs should incorporate an element of psychological treatment component, for instance, individual therapy. Group psychological interventions have been reported to be helpful by enhancing pregnancy rates among infertile women. Victims with major mood or anxiety disorders should be offered psychotherapy treatment and/ or psychotropic medication. Besides, a psychiatrist can assist affected couples by discovering alternative parenting options, incorporating adoption. The psychiatrist plays a vital role in encouraging affected couples to contribute in therapy, either jointly or individually. The psychiatric clinician is also responsible for psychiatric assessment, clarification of matters pertaining treatment decisions, facilitation of consensus between partners about treatment, assisting couples to tackle stresses associated with infertility treatments, referral of affected couples to support groups, provision of support through treatment holidays or after unproductive course of treatment and provision of psychopharmacological treatment (Glick, Berman, Clarkin, 2000, p. 448). A cognitive-behavioral intervention is a psychological treatment which is designed to instruct the infertile couple in effective coping and problem solving approaches. It also takes account of behavioral rehearsal, role-play, and reappraising dysfunctional cognitions. Besides, researchers of health psychology have proved that support strategies (individual, couple, and group interventions) are effective in assisting affected couples deal with stress, depression, anxiety. Evidence points out that cognitive-behavioral and psychophysiological intervention have their advantages for decreasing anxiety and depression among infertile women. Patient education, psycho-physiological and cognitive-behavioral interventions are commonly utilized in an infertility context (Covington Burns, 2006, p. 125). Medical Treatment The treatment of male victims who are infertile differs from females treatment since only a small portion of males who are sub-fertile and completely infertile are capable of undergoing a rational and effective treatment. Fertility drugs are the most generally used therapeutic agents for treating ovulatory dysfunction in females. Psychological treatment should also be provided along with medical treatment. In situations where the mans infertility problem is untreatable, the couples can opt to have a donor sperm insemination. On the other hand, egg donation is an alternative for women who do not react to ovarian stimulation. Additionally, medication can be provided to the donor and the infertile woman with the aim of synchronizing their cycles. The donor eggs can become fertilized with sperm by means of IVF or GIFT process and then reallocated to the infertile woman, who will then hold the pregnancy. With regards to the woman who is in a position to ovulate but cannot hold the pregnan cy, a fertilized egg may be inseminated in a surrogate mother who will afterwards hold the pregnancy (Fritz Speroff, 2010, p. 1158). The treatment of infertile males similar to females does not follow a single procedure but instead depends on the nature of the infertile conditions. After analysis of the victims medical history, he is subjected to various levels of diagnostic tests. In the first level, the semen is analyzed in accordance, hormonal measurement is performed, and the hormone testosterone is analyzed to ascertain its quantity. In the second level of diagnostic test, an examination of bacterial content and ultrasound is carried out on men with medical conditions. If the victim has chromosome abnormality signs, then genetic assessment is done. In the third level of diagnostic test, a process called testicular biopsy is done on the victims. Furthermore, a routine semen analysis is performed as a sperm function test. If the mans sperm are obstructed by thick cervical mucus attributable to infection, passage may be aided by treating the woman with antibiotics, or the cervix may be evaded by employing artifi cially insemination In addition, sexual therapy is vital for couples with sexual problems. For instance, a man with a small number of sperms can be advised to wear looser clothing so as to diminish testicular temperature or remove a varicoele. However, no hormonal treatments have been successful in raising the quantity of sperm. Researchers have found out that medication of infertility programs can give rise to couples engaging in consecutively painful and costly infertility treatments, often with little comprehension or formal concern of the medical and psychological effects of such approaches (ODonohue, 2005, p. 224). Conclusion Infertility, though termed by many as the inability to conceive a child or carry a pregnancy to complete full period, is not that bleak as people have come to term it. Infertile couples have been portrayed to pass through a series of stages involving astonishment, denial, anger, despair, grief, remorse, and acceptance or resolution. Those couples and individual found to be the victims of infertility should not isolate from friends, family members, and even colleagues or fear attending social events and functions on grounds that discussions concerning marriage life and fertility often arises. As seen from this study, there is not an infertile case that can be termed as hopeless and the victims should not handle the case alone. Combined efforts from family, friends, counselors, and doctors can yield the desired fruits. Treatment plans are generally aimed to alleviate the symptoms that infertile couples experience and enable them to cope with treatment and/ or the ultimate loss of hope for conception .This study has shown without reasonable doubt that infertility manifests in many ways and there is treatment for the same, medically, and also through proper counseling. Buy custom Infertility, its Causes and the Available Treatment essay

The armenian genocide essays

The armenian genocide essays The Armenian genocide was the first genocide of the 20th century and ended in the deaths of 1.5 million inhabitants of Turkey, specifically of the Armenian ethnic background. This number is so astonishing because it accounts for almost 10% of the population of the entire country. This extreme loss of life took place from 1915- 1917 as reported, but the Armenians suffered through harsh conditions for two years after the end of the genocide. In understanding this genocide you must look onto several subjects which relate and coincide with the true nature of the genocide. These being, the history before, who was responsible, what happened, and what the losses were. The genocide in the early 20th century wasnt the start of the Armenians persecution. In fact is spanned back to the mid to late 16th century, when the Ottoman Empire absorbed them into their lands and invaded. This began a long span of religious intolerance by the Muslims towards the Armenian Christians. As time went on the Ottoman Empire started its decline, and in the early 1800s the once conquered peoples of Greek, Serb and Romanian descent gained their independence, while the Armenians were still under the control of the disintegrating Ottoman control. The empire fell into the rule of the sultan Abdul Hamid. By the late 1800s the youth of the Armenian peoples started pressing the government for political reforms such as the right to vote, and the end of special taxing of them just because they were Christian. The extremely hateful tyrant responded to their begging with a hard hand of persecution enforcing his special regiments to massacre over 100,000 Armenians from 1894 to 1896 . A few years later, though some Turkish nationalists known as young Turks demanded political reforms and sought to reshape their countrys quick decline. In July 1908 three Turkish nationalists convinced the government to reform and so ...