Organisational Behaviour AEGON Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organisational Behaviour AEGON - Assignment ExampleThis was carried out through a launch of new products in the UK that were innovative and they captured the different fiscal status of the customers. Every customer, therefore, had a product they could associate with and which they could afford. The brand promotion was also carried out through changing the name of their another(prenominal) companies to include the name AEGON in them such as was the case for AEGON Scottish Equitable. The brand promotion also involved endorsing a British female athlete as a way to create a closer association with the same people it was trying to promote their products to. Internal forces for deepenThe most important internal forces of change that AEGON undertook were to develop its workforce. They developed the skills of its workers to match the needs of the customers. This way, the employees were well equipped to handle the customers needs as well as the new products that were developed. The organiz ation in the other successful nations such as in the US is notable for its employees that are experts, innovative and have good communication skills. This was what the organization wanted its UK-based employees to be renowned for as another way to attract more customers hence increasing their skills. AEGON could not expect to make any changes externally without having to change their culture which was qualification them fail to get established in the UK in the first place. Culture change involved the employees and managers changing their attitude, behavior, values as well as belief.

Western Artists Have Approached The Orient At Various Moments With Research Paper

Western Artists Have Approached The Orient At Various Moments With Perfectly Honourable Intentions And material Respect - Research Paper ExampleAt the end of the paper the writer shall conclude by saying that the western finesseists indeed have approached the orient in a honourable and respected fashion, as the case ought to have been. Orientalism is a term, which is used in history fir the depiction of the easternmosternmostern art by the writers, artists, painters and authors belonging from the western countries. In order to understand the contribution of the western artists on orientalism, it is pertinent to understand the definition of orientalism. Following is the definition of Orientalism The countries of Asia, curiously of eastern Asia. Orient is the word, which has been given to the east and the art of the east, which consists of the Middle East, India, Turkey and North Africa. Figures in Middle Eastern dress appear in conversion and Baroque works by such artists as B ellini, Veronese, and Rembrandt, and the opulent eroticism of harem scenes appealed to the French Rococo aesthetic. The earliest indications of Orient Art in the western culture started to show up in the 15th century, when the renaissance movement had started. The intermingling of the Western people with the Asian and the eastern culture was paramount and fundamental towards the instruction of Orientalism. Beginning of Orientalism In 1798, a French army led by General Napoleon nap invaded Egypt and occupied the country until 1801. The European presence in Egypt attracted Western travelers to the Near and Middle East, many of whom captured their impressions in paint or print. In 1809, the French government published the first installment of the twenty-four-volume Description de lEgypte (180922), illustrating the topography, architecture, monuments, inhering life, and population of Egypt. Once the French initiated orientalism, more and more European nations started coming forwards by taking interest in the culture of the Middle East and eastern Asia. The taste for orientalism manifested itself in European architecture, the twist rooms and the furniture. Orientalism has positively influenced the design and art of the European architecture. Orientalism in Architecture The Middle Eastern style of architecture had a major influence and was a source of inspiration for the European countries, as well as motivating them to build similar style of building in their own countries. The Guildhall, London, is an important example where the British adopted the Indian style of architecture during the late 17th century. The Indian style of architecture was in addition known as Hindoo Style of architecture. Another example of the Indian style of architecture is the Sezincote house, which was built from the inspiration of the nawab style of Bengal. The intermingling of the culture of the east with the western adaptation had already started once the British invaded India. It is imperative to state that the British were heavily inspired by the tomb style architecture of the Muslims and the Nawabs, and that reflected in their sense of architecture design of the future. Apart from learning the influence of the Indian architecture, the Western people also took great influence form the Turkish style of construction, which was an integral part of the 19th century French architecture. French Orientalism French orientalism kick started in the early 18th century after Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Egypt as part of his annexation agenda in Asia. The French invasion of Egypt has a great role to play to influence the French tribes and locals to start acquire the Egypt form of art back to their home country. The major influence which the French took form Egypt was in the form of painting, especially oil

Hotel Security Essay Example for Free

Hotel Security EssayHotel Security Matthew Acevedo July 10, 2011 HTT/200 Hotel Security Security came forcefully to the attention of hotel operators in 1976 when a well-known singer, Connie Francis, was raped at knifepoint in a Long Island motel.(online reading, pg.309) Good security is what makes be breaks a good hotel. To turn back that you have great security you have to address where its needed the most, where it might be an issue and what are the biggest threats to your guest. According to many different websites identity stealing is becoming a major with hackers breaching computers in major hotel chains and gaining access to thousands upon thousands of guests personal information including home addresses, credit card numbers and personal call numbers. (Bates, 2008)To help reduce the risk of hackers it would be smart to make sure your database is secured through a well-known and respected company that deals with internet hackers. Though its unachievable to fully stop h acking you can make sure you minimize the risk significantly with the right resources. A big issue with security would be put-on and theft. According to the U.S. Department of Justice Statistics, identity theft is now passing up drug trafficking as the number one crime in the nation. (Itrc, 2006)To resolve some of these solution the easy steps would be to makes sure to check every guests ID and credit card against each other and have a hedge ID decoder behind every desk to insure that no one gets away with using someone elses credit card.Theft is also a big come to with guests that stay in hotels. Many hotels have an open-door policy that lets maids prop open doors for hours on end while they clean that floor. That leaves room wide open for anyone to middling walk into a room and take whatever they want or rack up huge bills on movie rental or cellaret items. According to a study done in 2003 many hotels have not changes there policies after the attacks of 9/11. Many hotels th at were rated higher with security had already established good security and didnt need to make changes. (Myers, 2003)There is no base-line for hotel security so its hard to say if the standard went up after the kinsfolk 11 attacks of 2001. Conclusion Most of the security issue seems to be that of theft, either of personal items or identity. To help solve the ongoing issue there are dozens of companies working to shut down the cyber-attacks of hotel databases around the world. Until then it is the job of the hotel to take every precaution necessary to insure that guest feel as safe and comfortable as possible while staying in their establishment. References

Romeo and Juliet Essay Example for Free

Romeo and Juliet EssayEverything in life happens for a reason, and ultimately fate has a special substance in making it all happen. Within the tragic make love story of William Shakespe ars classic, Romeo and Juliet fate decides the two lovers destiny together along with many other factors. The power of fate brought Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet together yet it also fixed to adopt them into their own expiry.Ultimately fate decided their destiny and their prospective ahead and if things were not meant to be, they simply werent meant to be as fate has a strong instinct of knowing so. on with fate, the power of assumption lays a volumed part in this love story, as most of the characters are the types of peck who do assume things instead of truly thinking things through. Some people bunk to make decisions emotionally and rush them quickly without fully thinking them through as sometimes the consequences for these actions may result into a troublesome future.Romeo and Juliet were decidedly ones being guilty for doing so, as because of them rushing things and assuming without truly thinking first, these factors truly lead them into their own demise along with the power of fate. People in spite of appearance this story often rush things quite s of all timeely. Taking the time in fully thinking things through is very different from thinking emotionally and this secondment rushing important decisions and assuming eitherthing is okay. For example, in Act 5 Scene 3 when Romeo sees Juliet fake dead, Romeo instantly assumes that she is dead.Instead of assuming and making such an instant decision, he could train checked to see if she was breathing or do everything he possibly could to try to bring her back to life, instead of instantly dependable automatically killing himself. Assumption isnt always the answer The characters in this story are the types of people who do assume things and it just so happened that every single one of them assume inste ad of truly trying to find the answer. Therefore by doing so, assumption and fate lead the lovers Romeo and Juliet in to their own demise.Along with the power of assuming, fate ultimately decides the couples destiny. Beyond that decision, fate decides what is going to happen, and if Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet are truly meant to be in love and spend the take a breather of their lives together. Clearly throughout this love story, fate gave hints thatthings were not in the couples favor. For example, it just so happened that the families of Romeo and Juliet despise each other, it doesnt have to be that way but of course fate decides that. The feud between the two families causes many problems for the teen couple along their journey of life together. Could you imagine your family contemn your true loves family?I could not imagine how awful that would be, but it just so happened for Romeo and Juliet in their story, that is exactly what happened and is what caused so many proble ms for them. envisioning their families getting along and genially liking one other, do you believe if that was the case would that factor change Romeos and Juliets future? Even if it did or did not, having fate right off the top deciding that their families despise one another and constantly having feuds does not help Romeo and Juliet what so ever.But do you ever see Romeo and Juliet trying to stop the family feuds from happening? Romeo and Juliet immediately assume that their families will never get along but do you see them trying to do something about it? In fact, they dont do anything to try to end the constant feuds from happening, they do nothing to try to fix the problem. Here yet again, is another example of how the power of assumption plays a broad part in this Shakespeare classic. Romeo and Juliet assume that their families do not get along and there is no desire that they ever will, but they never truly try to make a difference and try to cure the problem.Resulting in a troublesome future for young Romeo and Juliet, if they tried to do everything they can to try to make their families at the least respect one another, I believe that would have made a go and more positive impact on the couple. Ultimately love is something that is a strong, powerful feeling to distill. To say you love somebody is a very big thing to say to somebody, especially when you are thirteen years of age to an older boy. In Juliets case she has just become a stripling and although people tended to settle down and be married with children typically at a younger age in their era, to say she loves somebody is such a large statement, especially when she is just thirteen.Romeo as well, two years older than his lover Juliet is still very young to say that statement to someone. He does tend to love and show his affection quite in a flirtatious and rash way, but still to say you love somebody is a really big deal. tender Romeo and Juliet are so young they havent matured into yo ung adults yet and are still young children. Toassume that you are in love is a big assumption to start off with never the less when you dont have the maturity to be in a relationship. Romeo displays many childlike qualities in how he always has a crush on somebody throughout the story.As people do start out strong feelings for others, it does not happen as frequently as you mature and grow older. Romantic Romeo loves the idea of falling in love, as he first off has a big crush on beautiful Rosaline, as then he later falls in love with the one and only Juliet. Young Juliet displays many child-like qualities as well, for example of how she always imagines and dreams of love. As her mother Lady Capulet insists on her marrying rich and handsome Paris, Juliet truly claims she isnt looking for love and a husband and is definitely not desperate for a husband as she will tuck her true love when the right time comes.She still dreams of love and romance yet she does say in the love story Ill look to like, if looking liking move which provides insight and demonstrates how she isnt desperate to meet her true love yet she dreams and imagines of finding him. Both Romeo and Juliet are very young with many child-like features and character traits along with they do express a large amount of immaturity. Clearly they are not ready to truly fall in love as they are so young and still have traits and immaturities of young children. Another way of demonstrating they are not ready for such as serious relationship, they do not have a clear ground what love truly is.Loving somebody is sacrificing yourself for the person you love and doing absolutely anything and everything for them and truly loving them with all your heart. Romeo and Juliet later throughout the story do express those things along with their affection for one another yet how as soon as they meet each other they assume that they are immediately in love with each other and want to get married that same night is a l arge statement and decision to come to.They tend to be very immature when it comes to emotional problems and conflicts especially highly emotional subjects and relationships therefore because of their immaturities and youth, they are not ready for a true, honest, loving relationship. Fate ultimately decided that they truly were not meant to be and although they claim they are star-crossed lovers and soul mates, fate knew something was not meant to be between the two, therefore fate along with many assumptions lead to the lovers Romeo and Juliets demise.The combination of assumption along with fate decided Romeos and Juliets destiny together and although it lead them into their own demise, assumption and fate is truly responsible for the couples death. Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet were simply not meant to be as fate decided that furthermore, the power of assumption and fate is truly responsible for the demise of the star-crossed lovers Romeo and Juliet.

Setting of Observation Essay Example for Free

Setting of Observation EssayA specific area in a titanic park. 210 Two (2) wo manpower stood beside a picnic dishearten over which was covered with a blue plastic tablecloth. They site their purses beneath the table to the out-of-the-way(prenominal) right hand side leaning against the leg. One (1) unclotheing char placed rocks at each corner of the tablecloth so it would stay in place. She joked that the weather could be unpredictable. She asked the different(a) cleaning wo gentle humankinds gentleman if she thought they might need extra chairs. She c every last(predicate)ed the woman by name (Susan I later learned the some other womans name was Nancy). Susan founder tongue to that they could decide that later, depending on how many children showed up for the party, and if needed, she had extra chairs in backwards of the van. Susan went to the van, and returned within a minute carrying both plastic old bags. In each bag were two litter bottles of No-name Cola. She placed them on the table, wiped dust from the plastic bottles with her hand. She utter that she saw a television documentary that stated lead off bottles were sources of germs. Especially the piffling corporations, she explained. You should always clean the entire top. Nancy listened, nevertheless did not respond.Instead, she say she would go to her car and stir the other stuff. She asked Susan if the measure would be all right left in her car, or if it would melt, because it was very warm outside. Susan utter, We should gain brought a cooler. After discussing this, they decided that since Nancys car was parked in the shade, it should be okay. Nancy went to her car, sat in the drivers side and lit up a cigarette. She put the window pop up half way. Susan glanced over at Susan in her car, frowned, past sat down at the picnic table. There was a squirrel in a tree nearby, making noise.Susan looked at the squirrel and say, Dont have anything for you, short guy. About eig ht minutes later, Nancy returned to the picnic table, holding a square, cardboard box in her arms. She put the box on the table and withdrew an un open(a) bag of tattle b sufferingers, a bag of balloons, and cut pieces of string. She say she had grab bags in the box for later, as well as surprises, Styrofoam cups, paper towels, and Band-Aids if needed. 2 24 Both women began to blow up eight balloons of various colors, and attach string to each atomic number 53. There were still balloons left in the bag.Nancy express, I approximate this is enough. She laughed. Both women tied each balloon to nearby tree limbs. One balloon got away. Susan chased after(prenominal) it, therefore attached it to a tree. When this was completed, Nancy put the opened bag of balloons in her purse, closed it and put the purse back in place. Nancy express, Krista should soon be here. She looked at her watch. Susan said, Hope she knows what park it is. Susan assured Nancy that Krista had been to this park on a number of occasions. Susan withdrew a cell phone out of her sweater pocket, bonny as a silver van pulled in. Susan put the cell back in her pocket.Both women took a few steps forward toward the van. 2 38 Six (6) children burst out of the van. All the children yelled Surprise The children then ran toward the picnic table. There were five young ladys and one male child. One (1) child, a missy, who looked to be approximately eight years old, hugged Susan. She said, I had a feeling almost it. Where is my patty? Susan said, Oh, youll get it in a bit. Happy birthday Im ordering close to pizza first. The child clapped her hands. Two other girls (2) came up to the Birthday girl, and the one-third (3) girls went to look at the balloons in the trees. The one boy sat at the picnic table.He said he didnt exchangeable girl parties. Susan rubbed his head and laughed. She said thats how it was to be a little brother. The boy folded his arms and asked when the pizza would arrive. Susan and Nancy sat at the picnic table. Krista called the children together and said they would gyp a game. Nancy got up to help. Susan and the boy remained sitting at the picnic table. Susan took her cell phone out of her pocket, then stood up and walked a few feet away. Krista told the five (5) children that they would be playing a game. She said she would sing and then she would say freeze.She said that the child who was caught moving was out of the game. The game would continue until the last child remained. She said that the last child would get to pick out a prize from the box on the picnic table. Krista half hummed and sang, then yelled, Freeze She pointed to one girl and said that she had moved. The girl said, Au, and stood away, still watching. This went on until the last girl was the winner. The winner went to the picnic table, and Susan moved the box close to her and told her to shut her eyes. The girl did so, and withdrew a small white bag with the words Happy Birthday decorated on it.The girl ripped the bag open. The contents of the bag were a pencil and sharpener, a bag of candy, a small red yo-yo, a movie certificate. Nancy came over to the table, and explained that Ashley had picked the wrong thing. Thats the grab bags, not the prizes Ashley asked what the movie certificate was for. Susan said that she had hoped all the girls would go to a movie soon. The other four (4) girls saw what Ashley had and stood around her. This is the surprises? One girl asked. Susan explained that they were the grab bags and in that location was a mis distribute. She said they all would get one later.She then took the grab bags out of the box, took out a bag and instructed Ashley to put her hand in and pick something. She chose a Hannah meitnerium lanyard. She said, Oh, I love Hannah Montana She showed it to the other girls. 2 57 Krista asked if they valued to play other game, a scavenger hunt. The girls all said yes. Krista said that the first per son to find the items would be the winner, and that they should work in pairs, or threes. Krista said they were to find a pine cone, a feather, a pretty rock, and something unusual. She said that they had twenty minutes and the winner would be the team who found the most.She said that they were not to go far, and that in twenty minutes, she would holler out to them to diminish back. The boy decided he wanted to play, too, and the sestet children went into the woods. When they were gone for five minutes, three large pizzas arrived. Susan said that was a fast delivery. She paid the delivery person who was a young man, and gave him a five dollar tip. She thanked him, and he left, getting into a car. Nancy put out Styrofoam cups, and said to Susan that Krista should call the children back before the twenty minutes were up, so the pizza wouldnt get cold.Krista shrugged. Susan said that the kids wouldnt care if the pizza was warm, and that it wouldnt get cold that fast. The three (3) w omen sat at the picnic table saying very little to each other. Then Nancy went to her car and lit another cigarette, while Nancy and Krista watched her. 3 07 Nancy finished her cigarette, and said to Krista, Just call the children now. They can continue their game after they eat. Susan said that would be best. Krista got up from the picnic table and yelled for the children to come back now. She yelled, Pizzas here 309 Four (4) of the six children returned, some of them holding objects like a rock, a feather, sticks. They put their scavenger hunt treasures on the ground in separate gatherings, then went toward the pizza. Susan said they had to wait until the other children returned so they would all eat at the same time. 310 Krista said she would go into the woods to find the other two (2) children. Nancy poured pop into Styrofoam cups, and said they could have a drink while they waited. 3 13 Krista came back with the two (2) children running ahead of her. The children dropped what they had collected and went toward the table.Susan said they would need more chairs. duration Susan went toward her car, Nancy said that they had forgotten plates. She said they would have to eat off of paper towels. Observation No 2 Specific store in a shop mall The store owner, Mrs. spill, operates a boutique selling eclectic wares that include aromatherapy and other items designed for personal well-being. She also sells a small amount of array that have new age symbols on them. 1105 Mrs. ma at a lower place put dust cleaner on a cloth, and wiped down her anticipate, which is made of wood. She then cleaned the sides of stands. She modify her sign near the entrance that said 50% off Today.She looked at a few people walking by and smiled at them. A woman from the next store came up to the entrance, and began talking with Mrs. Peach. She kept folding and unfolding her arms as she spoke. She said, Even for a Monday, youd think thered be more than this around. Mrs. Peach said, I know. With the holiday and all. The woman then began to tell Mrs. Peach about her niece who was recently married. She described the wedding, said the cake was just beautiful. She said that she didnt care for her nieces husband, but that she would probably warm up to him in time. Mrs. Peach nodded. She kept looking beyond the woman.A man walked by, and the woman stopped talking. They both watched him go into the La Chateau store. 1115 Two (2) customers, a man and a woman, came into Mrs. Peachs store. The woman shed been talking with went back into her store. Mrs. Peach greeted them with a smile. She said, Can I help you find something today? The woman said, It smacks nice in here. Mrs. Peach said it was an oil that she puts into a tiny dish. She said she would like to burn oil, but the rules of the mall prevented her from doing that. The man didnt say anything. He just stood beside the woman. The woman then asked Mrs. Peach if she sold vitamins.Mrs. Peach said that she didnt, b ut she could recommend a naturalistic store across town. The customer asked the name of this store. Mrs. Peach told her, adding that it was next to a grocery store, and easy to find. 1118 The customer said she would like to browse. Mrs. Peach said, If you have any questions, let me know. Then Mrs. Peach went to a array rack that held long gown dresses. One of the hangers was faced the opposite way from the others. Mrs. Peach fixed it so it would be presented correctly. Mrs. Peach went behind the cash counter and straightened some papers, and turned on a stereo.Soft new age music could be heard. She adjusted the volume, turning it down slightly. 11 22 The woman customer stopped at the aromatherapy stand, and began smelling the bottled testers. She asked Mrs. Peach if the oils could be apply as perfume. No, theyre not diluted enough for that. It could bother your skin. We can soak up perfumes, however, even mix scents you like. The customer said that she especially liked the min t smell. Mrs. Peach said she liked it, too. She said it was invigorating, and smelling it gave energy and cleared the mind. Mrs. Peach held up another bottled tester.She said, You might like this one, too. It smells like nature. The woman held it and read aloud the name of the oil which was called A walk in the Forest. She asked the man with her to smell it. She asked him if he liked it, and he said, I guess its all right. The customer gave the bottle back to Mrs. Peach who put it back beside the other testers. The customer picked up the mint smell again, and put it close to the mans nose. Do you like this one give out? she asked. He said that it was okay. Mrs. Peach chuckled and said that scents usually only appealed to women. The customer smelled three more scents.Mrs. Peach went to the counter, then returned with a bowl of coffee and said, Smell the coffee between smelling the oils. It go away help you not mix up the scents. The customer smelled the coffee, then continued to smell the testers. After a few moments, the customer told Mrs. Peach that shed like a bottle of the mint oil, and Mrs. Peach brought a sealed bottle it to the counter. The customer paid for the bottle. She said she didnt need a bag as she would put it in her purse. Mrs. Peach said give thanks for coming in. See you next time. The customer left the store 1140 The phone rang. Mrs. Peach answered it.She said, Thanks for calling Sun and Moon, Laura speaking. She said, Yes, we do, and Anywhere from ten to twenty five dollars, and We close at six today. Look forward to seeing you. Mrs. Peach put the phone back in its cradle, looked under the counter, then stood up again. 1141 A woman walked into the store and went toward Mrs. Peach. Mrs. Peach said, Not much logical argument here today. Might pick up after lunch. Mrs. Peach then told the woman that since there wasnt much business, she could use the opportunity to straighten and clean the store. She said that had already take ine a little dusting.She pointed to the 50% sign, and asked if the woman could try to keep it straight, as it kept falling to one side. The woman said she would try. The woman said, Can I go to the bathroom first? Ill be quick. Mrs. Peach said, Sandy, your shift doesnt even start until noon. They both laughed. Sandy, an self-explanatory store employee left the store, said hello to the woman in the next entry and went toward the bathroom. 11 43 Mrs. Peach took her purse from a shelf under the counter, and put it on the counter. She took out a tube of lipstick and put it on her lips. Using her thumb and forefinger, she wiped the edges of her mouth.She took out a little mirror and examined herself. A man came with a delivery for Mrs. Peachs store. It was three (3) boxes. She told the man to put them beside the counter. The man did so. He asked Mrs. Peach to sign for the delivery, and she did. Then Mrs. Peach said than you, and the man left. Mrs. Peach tore off an envelope that was att ached to one of the boxes. She put the envelope beside the cash register, then reached for a paper cutter knife. She used it to cut the tape off one box, then put it on the floor. She looked inside the box. She picked up a small square pillow that was embroidered with the word calm.Mrs. Peach smelled it, then put it back in the box. Then she withdrew a bag that held colorful rocks. She put the bag on the counter. 1148 Sandy, the employee woman came back from the bathroom. She said, Oh, new stock. Great Mrs. Peach said, We finally got our stones. She instructed the woman to do her best to put out the stock. Then she took her sweater, put in on and said she was leaving, and that she was starving for lunch. She said, Call if theres a problem. Bye. Observation 3 Classroom Setting 1 30 The French instructor, expend Horne waited by the door for the next tell of students to arrive.The hall was noisy. Children were laughing and talking loudly. They came into Miss Hornes grade four cl ass, some of them running. Miss Horne waited until all the children were inside, then stood at the strawman of the room. Most of the children settled down, but two (2) boys kept laughing and talking. Miss Horne said, You two want extra work? They smirked, but stopped their noise. She said she would give the class five minutes to be quiet before they began. 134 Miss Horne went to the board and said, Were going to review what weve been learning about the last few days. Can anyone remember what that is? A girl put up her hand. Miss Horne nodded to her. Names of animals, the child said. Thats right, Miss Horne said. Lets see how much we remember. Turn your brains on. The children laughed and some made a key turning action with their fingers on their heads. Miss Horne said, Now then. You must answer in French. What kind of an animal goes, Hiss, me-oww. Several of the children yelled out, La Chat Mrs. Horne told them that they had to put up their hands. Most of the children then put u p their hands, but she didnt take away any of those children who had called out.She picked a girl in the front row. The little girl said, La Chat. Very good, Nakita, said Miss Horne. She wrote the words La Chat low on the board. A boy put up his hand. Yes, Paul, Miss Horne said. The boy said that his mom said they would be getting him a kitten. Mrs. Horne told the boy that was wonderful. Then she asked him, Now can you tell me what animal you often find people walking in the park? 1 37 Paul said, Cats? The (2) two boys who had been causing trouble at the beginning of class laughed and gave each other a high five. Paul yelled, Shut up It looked like he was about to cry.Miss Horne walked to where the two boys were sitting. She told them that they were being very rude, and very disrespectful to interrupt their class for other students who were interested in learning. She added that she would be sure to tell their homeroom teacher about how they had misbehaved. She asked the boys i f there was anything they wanted to say to Paul. One boy said, Im bluish. Miss Horne said he needed to say what he was sorry for. The boy said, Im sorry, Paul, for laughing at you. Then she asked the other boy if he had anything to say, and he said he, too, was sorry for laughing at Paul.Miss Horne told one boy to sit in an empty seat on the other side of the room. Then she told a girl to switch seats with the other boy, so they would be separated. She told the entire class if there was any more foolishness, she would be calling parents. 1 46 She went to Pauls seat, and told him not to salary any attention to them. He said okay. She went back to the board, hesitated, then said, Who would like to do the teacher a favor? Lots of hands went up. She walked around the class for several moments, looking at the students closely, in a fun fashion. Then she went back to the board and said, I dont want any talking.Neil, come on up here. He went near her, and she whispered in his ear. He drew a bird on the board. Miss Horne said, What a great drawing. Boys and girls, who can tell me what this is in French? Several hands went up. She said, What is it, Rayden? He said, oiseau. Miss Horne said, Real close. Want to try again? Rayden thought about it, then said, Loiseau? Miss Horne gave a little clap with her hand. Great going, Rayden. 151 There was a knock at the door. Miss Horne went toward it, then opened it. It was the monument from the principals office. The secretary asked if she could talk to Miss Horne for a few minutes.They stepped outside the room, keeping the door open. They talked quietly. Ms. Horne stepped inside the class and said, Miss Horne needs to take a phone call, and Mrs. embrown will stay here with you for a few minutes. Maybe she can read you a story. Mrs. Brown said, Not a French one, I hope. Miss Horne asked one of the children to pick out a record from the English shelf, and then the teacher left. Mrs. Brown sat down at a seat at the hea d of the room. Some of the children asked if they could come sit on the floor, because thats what Miss Horne does. Mrs. Brown agreed, and all the students by her.The book was called, Arthur Cluck. She read to them, and they were very quiet and intrigued. 209 Miss Horne came back. She said it was okay if Mrs. Brown finished the book. She agreed, and Miss Horne went to her desk and sat down. 216 Mrs. Brown finished the book. What do we tell Mrs. Brown, boys and girls? They said in unison (Thank you, Mrs. Brown). And thanks for watching the class, Miss Horne added. Then she whispered, I used the time to go to the bathroom, too. Thanks She turned to the class. Looks like we didnt get a whole lot done today. Lets hope tomorrow will be better for us all. Then she explained that they may as well do a little more of their review. She said, What animal eats grass, weighs a lot and lives on a farm? Someone said horse. She said that wasnt it. Paul put up his hand and said, An elephant. Mis s Horne said, I guess it could be an elephant, but this animal goes, Nayyy. Paul chuckled and said, a horse. Miss Horne said she needed to hear it in French. Paul said, Thats means un cheval. She then asked the French names for other animals, including cow, pig, wolf, and goat. 227 Miss Horne said it was almost time to go back to their homeroom.She wanted them to clean up around their desk, and put their books away. 229 Miss Horne said that she would walk the students back to their homeroom. She said, Now use your hall voices, boys and girls. They left together. Scenario 4 Inside a fitness center 7 21 Two(2) adult men, approximately 30 35, and a younger teenage boy, approximately 17, entered the gym. It was a fairly small gym. They began stretching their legs and arms, and talking among themselves. The youngest male said, Dad, I dont think I locked my locker. His father told him that before they really got started, he should go and total, just in case.The boy agreed. He left . The father said to his friend, confide hed forget his was, hes so forgetful. God, kids today. 722 The father sprayed the weight bench with a cleaner, one of many that were in the fitness center. He took a white towel, wiped down the bench, then put the cleaner and the white towel away (there was a bin for used towels and another for clean towels). 7 23 They went toward the weights. The father suggested they do their usual routine. Then he lay on the bench, and his friend put a 130 defeat weight in his grasp. He lifted the weight easily. He counted down from ten to one.Then he stopped and they talked for a few moments, and the other man took his turn at the weights. 733 The fathers son came back, and announced that he had indeed locked his locker. When the man did his weights, Shawn watched, then he also did three sets with a lower weight, while his father encouraged him. 7 42 When Shawn finished, his father adjusted the weight bench so that it was on an incline. They each took their turns doing the weights this way. At one point, Shawns fathers friend said he was getting a cramp, and he said, This is my last set for tonight. He said he had to go to the bathroom.Shawn and his father sat on the bench. Shawns father told him about a story where a guy dropped the weight across his chest, and that he couldnt get up, or barely move. He yelled out for someone to help him, and two (2) women each held an edge each. They lifted the weight, but then dropped it. The mans ribs were broken and he could barely move. Shawn listened, his mouth opened. He said that he wasnt sure he believed that. Youre always making up stories, Dad. A group of people, mostly women, went into a room. An instructor (1) came out and said, Aerobics, last call. Shawn said he thought they should go in, too.His father laughed and told him that he only wanted to go in because of the women, and part of getting fit was not letting anything distract you. Shawn rolled his eyes and said that he hope d there would never be a day when women didnt distract him. Shawn watched the last woman go in, a slim woman about his age. He gave a low whistle only he and his dad could hear. 7 54 Shawns father said that he wondered how his friend was doing. He said, Maybe I should go check on Cal. He told Shawn not to continue the weights until he came back. There were other men there who said they wanted to use that bench, and Shawns father said that was okay.Shawn said he would go and run on the treadmill until they returned. 7 56 Shawn walked to the right where the treadmills were, along with stationary bikes and other equipment. Shawn walked around, and all treadmills were in use. He walked back to the weights, then returned again to the treadmills. 7 58 A woman (1) noticed Shawn. She asked him if he was waiting for a treadmill. He said that he was. She said, Im almost finished. About five minutes more. Sign your name under mine. Shawn said Thank you, then signed his name on a list on the wall. He walked around for a bit, then came back to wait.802 The woman got off the treadmill, wiped it with a towel that was around her neck. She said, Its all yours, and Shawn thanked her. He got on the treadmill, and adjusted it so he was at a fast walking pace. He did this for a few minutes, then increased the rush along so he was jogging. 816 Shawns father and Cal came up to the treadmill. Shawns father said they couldnt see him right away as he was the last one against the wall. Shawn asked Cal how he was doing, and Cal said, Ah, it was nothing. Gas, I think. Shawn slowed down the treadmill. He said, Are we going to finish our sets? Cal said yes, and Shawn stopped the treadmill pace and let it slow down. Then he got off, and sprayed it with cleaner and a white towel, then put the cleaning items away. 817 The three (3) went toward the weights, but the other men were still on the bench they were previously using. Cal said, This isnt our night. He suggested they do lengths in t he pool instead. The others agreed. But then Shawn said that he didnt have his swimming trunks with him. The three of them laughed, shaking their heads. 820 Shawn said they should just go have a coffee somewhere. Cal said he was just going to go on home. They left the gym together.

Pressure Distribution around Circular Cylinder Lab Report

Pressure Distribution around Circular Cylinder Lab ReportThe aims of the investigation is to amount the force scattering on the surface of a smooth cylinder placed with its axis vertebra perpendicular to the devolve and to compare it with the dispersion predicted for friction slight go, and to calculate the instancy coefficient of the cylinder.In the investigation being carried step up, a cylinder in a closed circuit twirl delve go be look intoed upon to gather the mechanical press dispersion acting on it at different speeds. When the cylinder is standing vertically to the incoming flow in a wind-tunnel, two experimentations leave be carried out for the same cylinder, one with smooth ( laminal) flow and the other with exuberant flow. The experimental impel distribution obtained from each experiment will be compared with the theoretical distribution predicted for friction little flow. The drag coefficient for the cylinder will be calculated together with the tunn el calibration everlasting for both(prenominal) ladders.The smooth cylinder has got 12 compress tappings at angular intervals of 30 on its surface it is also placed with its axis vertical on a turntable on the floor. These tappings are affiliated to multi-tube (methylated spirits) manometer, which is inclined at an angle of 30 to the horizontal. The multi-tube manometer has got a total of 34 tubes, out of which the first 12 are directly attributeed to the constrict tappings on the cylinder, so that tube 1 is connected to closet level tapping 1 and so on. Pressure tapping 1 is facing the oncoming flow when the angular position exponent is set at 0. Since pressure tapping 1 is connected to tube 1 in the multi-tube manometer, the headway pressure shown on tube 1 will represent the stagnation pressure. Tube 34 in the multi-tube manometer is connected to the upstream part of the wind-tunnel. The Betz manometer is used to change the incoming flow velocity at the upstream section . Since both the Betz manometer and tube 34 (in the multi-tube manometer) are connected to the upstream section, both will show the same equivalent reading for pressure but in different units.Background theoryLaminar flow is defined when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no disruption between the layers. In simile to this Turbulent flow has a much more(prenominal) disorganized pattern, it is characterized by mixing of the fluid by eddies of varying size within the flow.The Reynolds deem (Re), gives the measure for laminar and miffed flows. Laminar flow takes place when Reynolds number is lower than 104, and for Turbulent flow the Re must be greater than 3-105. Reynolds number has got no units since it is just a ratio. There are many diverse types of equations for deriving the Reynolds number of an actual shape.Fig. A shows the different types of flow patterns at various(a) angles.The appropriate equation for the cylinders Reynolds number can be acquired fromRe = eq. 1Where d = Diameter of cylinderV = Velocity of fluid upstreamv = Kinematic viscosity of standard atmosphere (1.46-10-5 m2s-1)From the equation both determine of d and v stay constant for both experiments, therefore the change in Reynolds number depends directly on the upstream velocity of the wind-tunnel.From the Bernoullis equation the relationship between fluid pressure and velocity can be establishedeq.2Where P = pressure of the fluidZ = Height snap = production line density = The density of the fluidG = GravityV= the velocity of the fluidThe height in re chief(prenominal)s constant therefore the flow in the wind tunnel has an equation.eq.3By dividing both sides with and taking measurements from the point where the flow of velocity stops, (the stagnation point where V2 = 0). This is for the reason that at the stagnation point on the surface of the tube that is perpendicular to the flow to it, therefore the dynamic pressure is given byeq. 4The pressure is measured using the manomet er, and then therefore the pressure at the tapping must be the same as the pressure head at gH.Then the stagnation head and nonmoving head measured on the multi-tube manometer Inclined at a specific angle are given byeq.5 eq.6So when using these two equations the pressure differences install using them become.eq.7The dynamic pressure upstream of the cylinder is gained fromeq.8In the equation above k = the tunnel calibration constant. The pressure change crossways the wind tunnel contraction is measured using two different instruments the Betz manometer and the Multi-tube manometer (tube no. 34). In an ideal dodge where there are no losings in energy. In procedures with energy losses, the ratio value is below 1. The relation is known as the tunnel calibration constant (k). is the pressure version across the contraction as displayed by the reading on the Betz micro-manometer.The tunnel calibration constant can be attained directly fromeq.9Differences between the pressure at angl es from the front of the stagnation point and the free steam pressure P is gained from the following equationeq.10h is a reading on tube 1 when pressure tapping number 1 is at an angle from the front of the stagnation point. Therefore the pressure coefficient at an angle can be definedeq.11To vex the pressure coefficient based on frictionless flow by usingeq.12The equation above is applied when plotting a graphical record, of variation of c vs. , by replacing values of angles into the equation above and then see to iting out the subsequent values for pressure coefficient (c). The consequent graph drawn from the derived equation will unaccompanied correspond to a theoretical relationship, where the flow is believed to be frictionless.In the illustration below, the pressure in the wake region is less than pressure upstream this causes drag, chiefly due to flow separation behind the body. The streamline pattern and the pressure distribution are not balanced and a wake of slow-movi ng air is produced behind the cylinder.Fig. B shows flow separation taking place behind the cylinderThe drag force, due to the pressure forces on the cylinder can be derived fromeq.13As the term integrates to zero, the drag coefficient can be simplified toeq.14ApparatusThe cylinder being experimented on is placed in the wind tunnel. The part that will be under testing will be of size of 1.000m X 0.760m. The wind tunnel will ask a contraction ratio of 5.6To connect the pressure tappings from upstream and downstream of the tunnel contraction to a Betz micro-manometer (mmH2O).The velocity of air in the test section is to be fluctuated by adjusting the fan speeds on a controller.Thirdly a smooth circular cylinder with diameter 114.3 mm to be placed with its axis vertical, on a turntable on the ground of the test section force field. It can be seen in the cylinder where halfway along there are pressure tappings at angular intervals of 30 on its surface, near to the tappings are marked numbers from 1 to 12, these are connected to the upper ends of 1 to 12 tubes on a manometer. This manometer is to be a multi-tube methylated spirits manometer.The pressure upstream of the cylinder is sensed by a taping on the tunnel wall and is connected to one of the tubes. In this experiment to be tube number 34. The remaining tubes 13 to 33 are open to the atmosphere.The level of turbulence has to be changed, so in this test section it is small however to be increased by the insertion of a football field. This power system as an array of circular rods upstream of the test section. in conclusion as the cylinder is to be placed on the turntable that is to be go around. The angular position of pressure tapping number 1 is indicated on a digital counter in degrees and in tenths of degree.MethodTo be able to do this experiment the cylinder to be already oriented so that the pressure from tapping 1 is facing the oncoming flow and the angular position indicator will go through to be set at 0. As we know that the pressure P1 tapping is the stagnation pressures and exceeds the pressure Infinity upstream of the cylinder by an amount.The experiment firstly to test laminar flow The laminar flow of the velocity of the wind tunnel will be increased gradually until the Betz manometer reads 15mH2O. For this velocity to remain constant adjustments are made.From the multi-tube manometer, to take readings of fluid high gear to show a common idea of the pressure distribution.The fluid height to be noted from the tube which is connected to the tunnel wall upstream of the cylinder.To measure the fluid height in tube 1 is measured then the table is to be turned in intervals of 10 degrees, this is to be repeated for e genuinely 10 degrees until it has fully rotated around 360 degrees.The experiment is also to test in a turbulent flow To have a grid with an array of squares inserted in to the wind tunnel, where the air flow and the velocity increases until the Betz manomet er reads 35mmH2O, as the air becomes turbulent.This whole procedure to be repeated.Fig. C shows the manometer tube readings at a zero angle for smooth flow.Fig. D shows the manometer tube readings at a zero angle for turbulent flow.The readings of the multi-tube manometer were taken before starting to rotate the cylinder (at zero angle). This preliminary data roll up is presented visually to show the shape of the pressure distribution around the cylinder. Tube 33 is open to air hence it shows the atmospheric pressure. And tube 34 as mentioned earlier, shows the head pressure of the upstream section of the wind-tunnel.ResultsRaw ResultsThe scale of the manometer used was in inch. Therefore, the results obtained have to be changed to metres. This is done as follows1 inch = 0.0254 metresThe heights of the fluids have to be multiplied by 0.0254 to change to metres.Smooth flow = 30h = 11 inch = 11 x 0.0254= 0.2794mTurbulent flow = 30h = 10.4 inch = 10.4 x 0.0254= 0.26416mThe pressure c oefficient, c, at an angle can be found by using eq 8.The calculations to find c will be the same for both laminar and turbulent flows. The only difference would be that the value of h would be different in each case.The value for h1 is the value obtained when the cylinder is at 0.The calculations to find the pressure coefficient for the laminar flow at = 0 is shown below= 1 metric ResultsThe following data shows values, which will be used to determine the pressure coefficient, this will be calculated using eq. 11.Smooth flow Transonic menstruumFrictionless flowThe values for the pressure coefficients will be the same for both laminar and turbulent flows since c only depends on the angle .The pressure coefficient for a frictionless flow is found using eq. 12.Theoretical graphThe graph represents in a theoretical manner in which the experimental values should be able to compare to, whereby the air flowing in the graph, shows constant change at regular angle intervals. Also all peak s and troughs on the graph show relevant pressure coefficients.The graphs illustrate the pressure coefficientvariation with changes in angle.The above graph shows the variation of c vs. in laminar flow.This is then compared to the c vs. in turbulent flow.Calculations to find the drag coefficient, CDThe value for the drag coefficient depends on the value of c cos, this relation can also be noticed in eq. 14.Laminar flowDiscussionThroughout this experiment several factors were found out these includeThe pressure distribution in the systemDrag of the cylinderDrag coefficientReynolds numberErrors in the experiment which may have caused anomaliesLooking at the graphs it can be seen that the pressure distribution in the system as in both lamina and turbulent flow also in parts off the graph it shows steady correlation, between angles 900 and 3100 in laminar flow. Angles 1300 and 2300 in turbulent flow.The drag on the cylinder in turbulent and lamina conditions show through the results a nd graphs shown. As there is more drag when there is turbulent flow than lamina, however this easy to understand as, in lamina flow the eddies produced have a small wake so therefore it does not have a large pressure so do not increase drag. From the graphs it can be seen that the pressure coefficient in lamina flow at 90 is greater than the pressure coefficient at turbulent flow. However in the turbulent flow the motion reduce the pressure and so increases the drag.The drag coefficient can be found by looking at the results and graphs, which both show that it is less in turbulent flow as the separation point occurs after 90 resulting in less eddies so less wake and therefore a high pressure with a end of low drag coefficient. Whereas in lamina flow it is greater than in turbulent. This may be due to the fact that the separation point occurs before 90, this has a resulting effect of more eddies which induce wakes and low pressure, the end result of this is a high drag coefficient.Se paration point is where the angle flows become steady. The separation point occurs when the velocity of the fluid is reducing, in which the pressure flows induce a positive pressure gradient.Then at a time the separation has passed the boundary layers bend over and flow in the opposite direction.The pressure remains constant after the separation point because eddies are transferred to another energy.The separation point at lamina flow is at 90 than for turbulent which is after 90 as the pressure gradient is greater in laminar flow, which means that the greater the pressure gradient the earlier the separation.The reason why Reynolds number is greater in turbulent flow than lamina , as the main reason for this is that less pressure and drag coffeicnet and more drag is acting on to the cylinder.ConclusionIn this experiment a cylinder was used to find laminar and turbulent flow around it, the main objective was to see if the drag and flow increased or decreased, this was achieved and s o this was shown that they increased in turbulent conditions and decreased in laminar conditions. Also in a turbulent condition the separation will increase to 90 degrees and the Reynolds number also increases.DiscussionFigure G H shows the head pressure distribution around the cylinder. As it can be seen from the laminar head pressure distribution (figure G), the pressure between tubes 3-11 (i.e. angle 90 up to 330) is approximately the same. This shows that the pressure is more or less the same around the cylinder (seen from top view), except from its front point facing the oncoming flow, where the pressure is equal to the stagnation pressure.In the case of turbulent flow (figure H), the head pressure distribution pattern is somewhat different. The head pressure values drop between tube no. 5 to 9, which is the rear part of the cylinder. This proofs that a low-pressure region exists at the rear of the cylinder in turbulent flow. This region of low-pressure is referring to the wak e region. The pressure distribution is also clear symmetrical well-nigh tubes 6 and 7, which proofs that the pressure distribution on one (horizontal) side of the cylinder is the similar to the one on the opposite side of the cylinder.The percentage error for the coefficient of drag (CD) value in experiment 1 was calculated to be around 2.5%. This is a relative small percentage error, which shows that the experimental errors snarly in experiment 1 were not significant. However, the percentage error for the CD value in experiment 2 was a massive 56%, which clearly shows that the experimental errors involved in experiment 2 did play a significant role.The error due to parallax is one of those errors. The parallax error is human reading error, where the eye needs to be readly in line with the reading to be measured.In both experiments, the multi-tube manometer was at an inconvenient position (on the floor). And furthermore the whole manometer system was slanting at an angle of 30 to the horizontal. Both of these factors made it difficult to get the eye level exactly in line with the reading to be measured from the multi-tube manometer. This expertness have caused inaccuracy in the readings.The trapezium rule was used to determine the area under the graph of ccos, which was used to calculate the coefficient of drag. Since the graph had regions of both negative and positive areas, the trapezium rule had to be applied separately for each section of the graph. The whole graph was divided into strips, each with a breadth of /18 (10 degrees in radians).When the graph of ccos goes from a positive region into a negative one, the experimental data in some cases does not reach exactly zero before the data switches signs. This results in some minor areas of the graph being neglected. This would not significantly affect the total area found from the trapezium rule, since the areas neglected are relatively small. But since some areas of the graph are ignored, the total a rea found would not be the exact area under the graph. This will result in an error in the last values of the coefficient drag.The tunnel calibration constant for laminar flow (k1) was found to be 1.0959. Clearly this value cannot be accurate because the ratio of the two pressures must be equal to 1 or below, since both are representing the pressure across the same points. The unexpected high value for k1 must have been a result of experimental error. Since most terms are constant in the equation used to find k, the only factors that could have contributed to the error must have been the values of h h1, which were obtained from the multi-tube manometer.While taking the readings from the multi-tube manometer, the fluid (methylated spirit) in the tubes was fluctuating. around of the fluctuations were as large as +/- 0.5 inch. For this reason, many of the readings obtained might have been greatly inaccurate, which eventually could have lead to a significant error in the final values for the coefficient of drag in both experiments, as well as the value of k for laminar flow.The tunnel calibration constant for turbulent flow (k2) was found to be 0.7632. This value clearly indicates that energy losses did take place since the value is well below 1. Energy losses may have occurred in 2 main forms as heat and sound energy produced by friction and collisions of air molecules with especially the grid system at the upstream. conflagrate energy (and some sound energy) is also produced due to friction of the inner wall of the wind tunnel. The flowing air must do work to master this friction, and therefore some kinetic energy of the flowing air is lost as heat. To get turbulent flow, the flow rate was increased and a grid system was introduced.With the introduction of a grid system at the upstream in experiment 2, more collisions of air molecules took place, hence resulting in increased bulk of flow. This increase in loudness (due to the increase in collisions and fric tion) resulted in some kinetic energy of the flow being converted into heat and more observably sound energy, and therefore some of the initial kinetic energy of the flow was lost.Energy in form of heat is also lost due to makeup of turbulent eddies. The formation of eddies takes place in turbulent flow. All these energy loss factors mentioned earlier might explain why the k-value for turbulent flow was less than the k-value of laminar flow.In figure I, three graphs were plotted for the variation of pressure coefficient with angle. Each of the graphs was representing data for a unique condition. In the case of the theoretical data graph (green coloured), which represents the condition of frictionless flow, shows that at zero angle the pressure is a maximum (stagnation pressure). Moreover at an angle of 180 (rear of cylinder), the pressure once again reaches a maximum value. This relationship clearly indicates that the pressure distribution pattern would have been exactly symmetrica l around a vertical axis at the inwardness of the cylinder.However, in the case of both laminar and turbulent flow the lines if symmetry is not vertical but horizontal about the centre of the cylinder. By looking at the graphs, all graphs show a maximum pressure coefficient at an angle of zero (equivalent to 360), which shows that whatever flow condition is impose a maximum pressure will still remain at the stagnation point, which is the point where the fluid is brought to a stop.For laminar flow, the pressure coefficient remains more or less constant after an angle of approximately 75. This point is referred as the angle of separation, where the flow starts to separate from the cylinders surface. This value of 75 is very close to the value of 82 given for angle of separation for laminar flow in figure E.In the case for turbulent flow, the pressure coefficient sash more or less constant after an angle of approximately 130 (i.e. angle of separation). Once again, even this value fo r angle of separation is very similar to the value of 120 given for turbulent flow in figure E.One of the main reasons why there is a difference in shape between the theoretical graph and the experimental graphs for pressure coefficient is due to the fact that the assumption of air being a frictionless flow is invalid, since air is a viscous fluid. Overall the characteristics of the pressure coefficient graphs can be said to be an accurate presentation of actual data, since the three pressure coefficient graphs (between angle 0 to 180) are highly equal in terms of both the shape and scale of the pressure coefficient graphs shown in figure E.ConclusionThe value of tunnel calibration constant (k) for experiment 1 was found to be inaccurate (due to experimental errors) since the value is not expected to exceed 1. However, the value of k for experiment 1 shows that very negligible energy losses take place across the contraction of the wind tunnel under laminar flow. The value of k was significantly lower for experiment 2 this clearly shows that the energy losses that take place across the contraction of the wind tunnel are significant. The main reason for significant amount of energy losses is due to the introduction of a grid system at the upstream in experiment 2. The grid system dramatically increases the effects of friction to the oncoming flow. For this reason, some of the initial kinetic energy of the airflow is lost as heat and sound energy.The obtained graphs for variation of pressure coefficient with angle around the cylinder perimeter can be said to be fairly accurate, since both the shape and scale of them is extremely identical to the graphs representing the same data in figure D.For experiment 1 the coefficient of drag value had a percentage error of only 2.5%, which shows that the experimental errors did not have a significant impact on the final result. However, in the case of experiment 2, the percentage error for the coefficient of drag was a mas sive 56%, clearly the experimental error did significantly affect the final result in experiment 2.In future improvements, the percentage error of the CD value in experiment 2 could be further decreased by reducing experimental errors mentioned in the discussion section.

Orthodontic Anchorage Unit Research Study

Orthodontic Anchorage Unit Research StudyChapter 3 MATERIALS AND METHODSA three-dimensional get up stop over fashion model ( phase 2) integrated with a mini have a go at it was constructed with a computer-aided design program (SolidWorks Dassault Systemes SolidWorks, Concord, Mass) to simulate a mini rip off implanted in trick out as an orthodontic anchorage unit.Figure 2. Three dimensional bone block model with screw embedded.The bone block, consisting of cortical and cancellous bone, was constructed with dimensions of 20 mm. in length and width, and 15 mm. in aggrandizement for evaluation. 1 The cortical bone thickness, elastic moduli, Poissons ratio, shear moduli and density of the edentulous maxillary and mandibular alveolar bone as shown on Table 2 was based on the studies of Dechow et al.2 and Schwartz-Dabney and Dechow3, respectively and the dentate specimen based on the study of Peterson et al. 4 These were taken from specific locations of the edentulous maxillary and ma ndibular alveolar bone as shown in Figure 3. Since cancellous bone density was found to have little or no consequence to results obtained by previous studies5, a fixed value will be set with elastic moduli of 1.3 GPa, Poissons ratio of 0.3, shear moduli of 2.0 and density 0.5g/cm3.Figure 3. Location from which cortical bone specimens were remote from the edentulous crania by Dechow et al.6 and the edentulous mandibles by Schwartz-Dabney and Dechow7The miniscrew geometry was based on the MONDEAL system (MONDEAL Medical Systems, Muhlheim, Germany) ie, the screw thread profile was an isosceles triangle 0.4 mm in height and 0.16 mm along the base.8 The thread pitch was 1.0 mm. These thread dimensions were fixed in all screw designs in this study. The miniscrew will be assumed to be homogeneous, isotropic and linearly elastic titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) with elastic modulus of 114 GPa, Poissons ratio or 0.34 and Yield strength of 880MPa.9Table 2. actual properties of maxillary10 and man dibular11 alveloar cortical bone.The model was meshed automatically with 10-node tetrahedral solid elements. The interface between the cortex and the cancellous bone was assumed to be fully bonded i.e., the elements were continuous, sharing the same nodes along the interface. A node-to-node contact condition was given on the interface between the miniscrew and the bone block to imitate a stage without osseointegration.13The static load along the x-axis was utilise to the head of the miniscrew and perpendicular to its long axis to simulate the orthodontic vehemence. For the nodes located on the 5 exterior draw nears of the bone block, all but the superior surface where the miniscrew entered was constrained in all degrees of freedom to simulate the boundary condition. The nodal solution of the von Mises stress in the bone and the displacement of the miniscrew were calculated for each model with the delimited element analysis program.14To determine the loading effect, the maxillary and mandibular bone blocks will be subjected to four compress magnitudes (1, 2, 4 and 6 N) and three force military commissions (60o , 90o and 120o) to mimic various clinical conditions. A force direction of 90o was the force perpendicular to the long axis of the miniscrew and parallel to the bone surface.15 2 N is the inform clinically safe limit for immediate loading.16 The loads will be applied at the level of the eye of the screw meant for tying ligatures in a clinical situation.17To determine the screw size effect, three screw (outer) diams (1.5, 2.0 and 2.3 mm.) and five screw length (7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 mm.). The screw length will be measured including the screw head, which had a 2 mm. height for all screw models. To simulate soft tissue thickness, various screw depths (screw length in the bone block) will be modelled.18 For each screw length, the unresolved screw length of 3, 4, 5 mm. will be measured.The von Mises stress and the displacement was determined for the dif ferent screw length, diameter and exposed screw length was subjected to the different force magnitude and direction. For every bone specimen there was 540 different scenarios. The stress distribution was then observed for the screws that exhibited the highest stress for each bone specimen and for each force direction.Chapter 5SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONSSummary of FindingsThere is no direct kind between stress and displacement established. The pattern of the von Mises stress of miniscrews embedded on different bones are similiar with only minor differences. Whereas the maxillary edentulous specimens exhibit more displacement compared to its mandibular counterpart. Though the highest stress and highest displacement can be observed in 6 N of force at 90o direction at 5 mm. exposed length and the lowest stress and lowest displacement can be observed in 1 N of force at 1200 direction at 3 mm. exposed length.The stress is concentrated on the cortical bone irrespe ctive of the screw length and the exposed screw length. It is more intensified at 5 mm exposed screw length because the moment of arm becomes longer, and lighter at 3 mm exposed length because the moment arm becomes shorter. The cortical bone acts as the fulcrum of the force.All miniscrews embedded in mandibular edentulous specimens were able to establish primary stableness except for 2 scenarios in MDE4. 12-13% of miniscrews embedded on maxillary edentulous specimen were not able to establish primary stability. Majority of these occurred with screw diameter of 1.5 mm. (78 85%), exposed screw length of 5 mm. (61 72%), force magnitude of 6 N. (62 68 %), and force angle of 900 (40 45%).Conclusion found on the data gathered, it is found that placement of orthodontic miniscrew on edentulous alveolar bone on both the maxilla and mandible is possible. The use of miniscrew with diameter of 2mm or wider embedding it on attached gingiva of 2mm or thinner, loading it with force 2 N or low er at an angle 60 or 1200 could increase chances of establishing primary stability.RecommendationsThe proponent of this research would like to recommend the implementation of a Randomized Controlled Trial based on the results of this study. This would ensure the evidence-based practice of the miniscrew anchorage.References1 T. C. Liu and others, delimited Element analytic thinking of Miniscrew Implants Used for Orthodontic Anchorage, Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 141 (2012).2 P. C. Dechow, Q. Wang, and J. Peterson, Edentulation Alters Material Properties of Cortical Bone in the Human Craniofacial Skeleton Functional Implications for Craniofacial Structure in Primate Evolution, The Anatomical Records Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology, 293 (2010).3 C. L. Schwartz-Dabney and P. C. Dechow, Edentulation Alters Material Properties of Cortical Bone in the Human Mandible, J Dent Res, 81 (2002).4 J. Peterson, Q. Wang, and P. C. Dechow, Material Properties of the De ntate Maxilla, Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol, 288 (2006).5 A. Gracco and others, Numerical/Experimental Analysis of the Stress Field around Miniscrews for Orthodontic Anchorage, Eur J Orthod, 31 (2009).6 Dechow, Wang, and Peterson.7 Schwartz-Dabney and Dechow.8 Liu and others9 Gerhard Welsch, R. Boyer, and E.W. Collings, Materials Properties Handbook si Alloys, (Asm International, 1994).10 Dechow, Wang, and Peterson.11 Schwartz-Dabney and Dechow.12 Peterson, Wang, and Dechow.13 Liu and others14 Ibid.15 Ibid.16 A. G. Crismani and others, Miniscrews in Orthodontic Treatment Review and Analysis of Published Clinical Trials, Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 137 (2010).17 S. Singh and others, Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of Strength, Stability, and Stress Distribution in Orthodontic Anchorage A Conical, Self-Drilling Miniscrew Implant System, Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 141 (2012).18 Liu and others